Characterization of Gamma Hemirings by Generalized Fuzzy Gamma Ideals

This paper has explored theoretical methods of evaluation in the identification of the boundedness of the generalized fuzzy gamma ideals. A functional approach was used to undertake a characterization of this structure leading to a determination of some interesting gamma hemirings theoretic properties of the generated structures. Gamma hemirings are the generalization of the classical agebraic structure of hemirings. Our aim is to extend this idea and, to introduce the concept of generalized fuzzy gamma ideals, generalized fuzzy prime (semiprime) gamma ideals, generalized fuzzy h -gamma ideals and generalized fuzzy k - gamma ideals of gamma hemirings and related properties are investigated. We have shown that intersection of any family of generalized fuzzy (left, right) h - gamma ideals (k-gamma ideals) of a hemiring is a generalized fuzzy (left, right) h -gamma ideal (k-gamma ideal) of H. Similarly we proved that the intersection of any family of generalized fuzzy prime (resp. semiprime) gamma ideals of H is a generalized fuzzy prime (resp. semiprime) gamma ideal of H. We have proved that a fuzzy subset μ of H is fuzzy h -gamma ideal (k-gamma ideal) if and only if μ is a generalized fuzzy h -gamma ideal (k-gamma ideal) of H. Further level cuts provide a useful linkage betwean the classical set theorey and the fuzzy set theorey. Here we use this linkage to investigate some useful aspects of gamma hemirings and characterize the gamma hemmirings through level cuts in terms of generalized fuzzy (left, right, prime, semiprime) gamma ideals of gamma hemirings. We have also used the concept of support of a fuzzy set in order to obtain some interesting results of gamma hemirings using the generalized fuzzy (left, right, prime, semiprime) gamma ideals of hemirings

Fasting headache, a cross-sectional study

Headache is a predominant disorder in general population and is classified into primary and secondary forms by the International Headache Society. Fasting headache is currently classified in Group 10 of ICHD-III as “Headache attributed to disorders of homeostasis”. In spite of continuing research, there is still indistinctness regarding the exact cause of fasting headache. Hypoglycaemia, previous history of headache, stress, caffeine withdrawal, lack of sleep and female gender have been speculated as causative factors. Our rationale for this study is to find out what percentage of the population experiences fasting headache and to find out any link between the occurrence of this phenomenon and any associated factors

Reasons for seeking orthodontic treatment in Lahore population: A cross-sectional survey in a low-income country

ABSTRACT Introduction: Poor esthetics, dysfunction and discomfort are the key reasons for seeking orthodontic treatment across the world as reported by many researchers. This paper presents the causative factor for seeking orthodontic treatment in the patients who are visiting Punjab Dental Hospital of a populous city Lahore (de\u27 Montmorency College of Dentistry) in local settings and associating these reasons with demographic characteristics. Objective: Aim of this cross-sectional survey was to explore the reasons for seeking orthodontic treatment among individuals who are visiting PDH. Materials and methods: This study was carried out in Punjab Dental Hospital (PDH) after the approval of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) on a sample of 98 individuals having malocclusion assessed with Angle\u27s classification of the malocclusion. We chose simple random sampling. A self-structure questionnaire was designed to get data by the principal investigator after taking verbal and written consent. Descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS 21. Chi-square test of association was applied to associate reasons with different demographic variables. P-value <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Female respondents were more in number than males. Around one-third of respondents (30.6 %) had a monthly income of less than 25000 PKR ($ 170). Esthetics was the primary reason for seeking orthodontic treatment. The most common type of malocclusion was the Class II malocclusion. Statistically significant factors that emerged in this study that turned into reasons for seeking orthodontic treatment were hurdles in marriage, referral by a general dentist, motivation by parents, self-esteem and speech problems. Conclusion: In conclusion, patients seek orthodontic treatment mainly to enhance facial esthetics and self-confidence, motivation by the parents, and social acceptability

INDIGENOUS VESICULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI EFFECT ON MAIZE UNDER DIFFERENT TEXTURES

Plant health and biomass relies on nutrient availability and the efficiency with which nutrients are taking in by plants. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) is a symbiotic association between plant roots and fungus. VAM improve plant growth by modifying its rhizosphere soil and helps in nutrient uptake by plants. Our aim was to evaluate the growth of maize (Zea mays) and quantify mycorrhizae under different textures and in phosphorous deficient soils. Treatments include different types of soil texture (pure soil, pure sand and 1:1 soil+sand) along with recommended rate of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer while no phosphorous fertilizer was used. Root colonization, growth rate of plant, biomass of plant root and shoot and effect of VAM and roots on rhizosphere soil pH were observed. Results showed that shoot biomass was significantly improved in plain soil treatment as compared to sandy texture soils. Root:shoot ratio was significantly decreased in plain soil as compared to plants in sand. pH was reduced in all treatments significantly. Root colonization ranges from 40-49% and colonization rates higher in sandy soils than others. Results suggested that VAM infection show well growth in its natural environment and improve plant growth and yield

Some newly explored exact solitary wave solutions to nonlinear inhomogeneous Murnaghan’s rod equation of fractional order

The use of improved generalized Riccati equation mapping method has been demonstrated to find some new exact travelling wave solutions to space-time fractional non-liner double dispersive equation (DDE). The equation is used for modelling wave propagation in elastic inhomogeneous Murnaghan's rod. We have used Caputo's fractional derivative to achieve the fractional version of Murnaghan's rod equation. Improved generalized Riccati equation mapping method proves to be very effective tool to find a variety of soliton solutions. As a result, we found many new and general solutions including dark, combined dark-bright, singular periodic wave, combined singular periodic wave solutions and rational solutions. We have simulated the solitons, to check their types, with the help of graphs and all the solutions obtained in this article have been verified by back substitution in original equation by using Maple 17

Process optimization for hyperproduction of 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase from locally isolated <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> BBT6 under solid state fermentation

795-800The extracellular enzyme 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucano-hydrolase (AMY) has wide application in clinical, medicinal and analytical chemistry and are used in industries such as food, textile, paper, etc. The ɑ-amylase (AMY) produced from microbial sources, particularly bacterial is preferred over fungal, because of characteristic advantages, such as rapid growth rate and ability to release proteins into the extracellular medium. The current study deals with the isolation of novel bacterial strain and process optimization of AMY. Primary screening was performed on the basis of starch hydrolysis zone. Secondary screening was carried out using solid state fermentation (SSF). Molecular characterization using16S r RNA gene sequencing technique was performed for the strain showing highest AMY production as compared to other isolates. The selected strain exhibited 91% similarity with the reference strain in the Gene Bank and identified as Bacillus subtilis on the basis of molecular characterization and analytical profile index testing. Different agricultural byproducts such as rice bran, rice husk, wheat bran, potato peel and coconut oil cake was tested. Among all, wheat bran proved to be the best for AMY production. Effect of other variables including incubation time, temperature, pH, inoculum size, carbon and nitrogen sources, surfactant and metal ion have also been investigated. Optimal production of AMY was obtained at 48 h of incubation period, 37°C, pH 7 and inoculum size 1 mL; 1 % ammonium sulphate and peptone as the best inorganic and organic nitrogen sources and 1.5 % starch, 0.2 % SDS found best for optimal production of enzyme

Unsteady Nano-Liquid Spray with Thermal Radiation Comprising CNTs

Carbon nanotubes play a significant role in improving the thermal efficiency of common liquids. The objective of this research is to examine the thin film spray over the surface of a vertical tube through carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanofluids. Processes for the preparation of the nanofluid and the stable dispersion of the CNTs in water were followed from the available experimental literature. The thickness of the spray pattern was kept variable to control the stability of the spray pattern and to accomplish the suitable heat transmission under the effects of a magnetic field. The pressure supply and rate of the spray were also calculated as a function of the liquid film thickness. The basic governing equations were transformed into nonlinear differential equations by using suitable similarity transformations. The numerical outcomes were obtained by means of the BVPh 2.0 package of the optimal scheme. The influences of the physical quantities like spray rate and variable thickness on the dimensionless velocity, temperature, pressure distribution, Nusselt number were investigated and the results are compared with the existing literature. The comparison was found to be in good agreement. The present results showed that the single-walled carbon nanotubes are more efficient in the enhancement of heat transfer rate compared to the multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Population genetic structure of domain I of apical membrane antigen-1 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Hazara division of Pakistan

Abstract Background The Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1 (PfAMA1) is considered as an ideal vaccine candidate for malaria control due to its high level of immunogenicity and essential role in parasite survival. Among the three domains of PfAMA1 protein, hyper-variable region (HVR) of domain I is the most immunogenic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the extent of genetic diversity across HVR domain I of the pfama1 gene in P. falciparum isolates from Hazara division of Pakistan. Methods The HVR domain I of the pfama1 was amplified and sequenced from 20 P. falciparum positive cases from Hazara division of Pakistan. The sequences were analysed in context of global population data of P. falciparum from nine malaria endemic countries. The DNA sequence reads quality assessment, reads assembling, sequences alignment/phylogenetic and population genetic analyses were performed using Staden, Lasergene v. 7.1, MEGA7 and DnaSP v.5 software packages respectively. Results Total 14 mutations were found in Pakistani isolates with 12 parsimony informative sites. During comparison with global isolates, a novel non-synonymous mutation (Y240F) was found specifically in a single Pakistani sample with 5% frequency. The less number of mutations, haplotypes, recombination and low pairwise nucleotide differences revealed tightly linked uniform genetic structure with low genetic diversity at HVR domain I of pfama1 among P. falciparum isolates from Hazara region of Pakistan. This uniform genetic structure may be shaped across Pakistani P. falciparum isolates by bottleneck or natural selection events. Conclusion The Pakistani P. falciparum isolates were found to maintain a distinct genetic pattern at HVR pfama1 with some extent of genetic relationship with geographically close Myanmar and Indian samples. However, the exact pattern of gene flow and demographic events may infer from whole genome sequence data with large sample size of P. falciparum collected from broad area of Pakistan

Novel Variants in <i>MPV17, PRX, GJB1</i>, and <i>SACS</i> Cause Charcot–Marie–Tooth and Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay Type Diseases

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT) and autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay type (ARSACS) are large heterogeneous groups of sensory, neurological genetic disorders characterized by sensory neuropathies, muscular atrophies, abnormal sensory conduction velocities, and ataxia. CMT2EE (OMIM: 618400) is caused by mutations in MPV17 (OMIM: 137960), CMT4F (OMIM: 614895) is caused by PRX (OMIM: 605725), CMTX1 (OMIM: 302800) is caused by mutations in GJB1 (OMIM: 304040), and ARSACS (OMIM: 270550) is caused by mutations in SACS (OMIM: 604490). In this study, we enrolled four families: DG-01, BD-06, MR-01, and ICP-RD11, with 16 affected individuals, for clinical and molecular diagnoses. One patient from each family was analyzed for whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing was done for the rest of the family members. Affected individuals of families BD-06 and MR-01 show complete CMT phenotypes and family ICP-RD11 shows ARSACS type. Family DG-01 shows complete phenotypes for both CMT and ARSACS types. The affected individuals have walking difficulties, ataxia, distal limb weakness, axonal sensorimotor neuropathies, delayed motor development, pes cavus, and speech articulations with minor variations. The WES analysis in an indexed patient of family DG-01 identified two novel variants: c.83G>T (p.Gly28Val) in MPV17 and c.4934G>C (p.Arg1645Pro) in SACS. In family ICP-RD11, a recurrent mutation that causes ARSACS, c.262C>T (p.Arg88Ter) in SACS, was identified. Another novel variant, c.231C>A (p.Arg77Ter) in PRX, which causes CMT4F, was identified in family BD-06. In family MR-01, a hemizygous missense variant c.61G>C (p.Gly21Arg) in GJB1 was identified in the indexed patient. To the best of our knowledge, there are very few reports on MPV17, SACS, PRX, and GJB1 causing CMT and ARSACS phenotypes in the Pakistani population. Our study cohort suggests that whole exome sequencing can be a useful tool in diagnosing complex multigenic and phenotypically overlapping genetic disorders such as Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT) and spastic ataxia of Charlevoix–Saguenay type

Novel Variants in MPV17, PRX, GJB1, and SACS Cause Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth and Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix&ndash;Saguenay Type Diseases

Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth disease (CMT) and autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix&ndash;Saguenay type (ARSACS) are large heterogeneous groups of sensory, neurological genetic disorders characterized by sensory neuropathies, muscular atrophies, abnormal sensory conduction velocities, and ataxia. CMT2EE (OMIM: 618400) is caused by mutations in MPV17 (OMIM: 137960), CMT4F (OMIM: 614895) is caused by PRX (OMIM: 605725), CMTX1 (OMIM: 302800) is caused by mutations in GJB1 (OMIM: 304040), and ARSACS (OMIM: 270550) is caused by mutations in SACS (OMIM: 604490). In this study, we enrolled four families: DG-01, BD-06, MR-01, and ICP-RD11, with 16 affected individuals, for clinical and molecular diagnoses. One patient from each family was analyzed for whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing was done for the rest of the family members. Affected individuals of families BD-06 and MR-01 show complete CMT phenotypes and family ICP-RD11 shows ARSACS type. Family DG-01 shows complete phenotypes for both CMT and ARSACS types. The affected individuals have walking difficulties, ataxia, distal limb weakness, axonal sensorimotor neuropathies, delayed motor development, pes cavus, and speech articulations with minor variations. The WES analysis in an indexed patient of family DG-01 identified two novel variants: c.83G&gt;T (p.Gly28Val) in MPV17 and c.4934G&gt;C (p.Arg1645Pro) in SACS. In family ICP-RD11, a recurrent mutation that causes ARSACS, c.262C&gt;T (p.Arg88Ter) in SACS, was identified. Another novel variant, c.231C&gt;A (p.Arg77Ter) in PRX, which causes CMT4F, was identified in family BD-06. In family MR-01, a hemizygous missense variant c.61G&gt;C (p.Gly21Arg) in GJB1 was identified in the indexed patient. To the best of our knowledge, there are very few reports on MPV17, SACS, PRX, and GJB1 causing CMT and ARSACS phenotypes in the Pakistani population. Our study cohort suggests that whole exome sequencing can be a useful tool in diagnosing complex multigenic and phenotypically overlapping genetic disorders such as Charcot&ndash;Marie&ndash;Tooth disease (CMT) and spastic ataxia of Charlevoix&ndash;Saguenay type